Hepatitis Relapse after Yellow Fever Infection: Is There Another Wave?

Abstract During the yellow fever (YF) outbreak in Brazil, many cases of fulminant hepatitis were seen, although mild to moderate hepatitis was mostly observed with complete recovery. This report presents a case of late-onset hepatitis due to YF relapse. The patient sought medical attention after jaundice recurrence 40 days after the first YF hepatitis episode. This case highlights the importance of patient follow-up after the complete resolution of YF symptoms and discharge.

Canine visceral leishmaniasis in area with recent Leishmania transmission: prevalence, diagnosis, and molecular identification of the infecting species

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is an endemic disease in Brazil, and integrated control actions have been adopted by the Brazilian Ministry of Health to control its spread. However, the transmission profile is unknown in areas with recent CVL cases, including Itaúna, located in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais, where the present study was carried out. METHODS: A total of 2,302 dogs from 12 neighborhoods were serologically tested for canine VL using the current diagnostic protocol adopted by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Test positivity rate (TPR) and CVL prevalence were determined for each neighborhood. The presence of Leishmania was assessed in 60 seropositive dogs which had been recommended for euthanasia. Twenty-two of them (37%) were asymptomatic, and 38 (63%) were symptomatic for CVL. Parasitological (myeloculture and smear/imprint) and molecular (PCR) methods were employed for Leishmania detection in bone marrow, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, and ear skin. The infecting Leishmania species was identified by DNA sequencing. RESULTS: CVL prevalence (per 1,000 dogs) varied from 0.0-166.67, depending on the neighborhood, with a mean of 68.96 (SD 51.38). Leishmania DNA was detected in at least one tissue from all seropositive dogs, with comparable TPR among tissues. Leishmania parasites were identified in most (54/60) seropositive dogs, and the infecting parasite was identified as Leishmania infantum in all of these. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of CVL is a contributor to the spread of visceral leishmaniasis in Itaúna.

Inflamación sistémica y desregulación inmune: rol en la patogénesis de la coinfección VIH/VHC / Systemic inflammation and immune dysregulation: role in the pathogenesis of HIV / HCV coinfection

La disfunción inmune asociada a la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) es generada por una estimulación crónica del sistema inmune secundaria a la imposibilidad del organismo de erradicar el virus. La misma se encuentra exacerbada en el contexto de la coinfección por el virus de la hepatitis C (VHC). La inflamación sistémica producto de la coinfección por ambos virus genera un aumento de la morbilidad y mortalidad en los individuos afectados. Son varios los mediadores solubles de activación inmunológica, como IP-10, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1ß (marcadores de inflamación sistémica); IL-17 (linfocitos T CD4+ Th17); IL-2, IFN-γ (linfocitos T CD4+ Th1); IL-8 (inducción de neutrofilia); CD23s, ICAMs, CD14s, CD163s (marcadores de activación de monocitos/macrófagos), niveles circulantes de lipopolisacárido (LPS) (translocación bacteriana); entre otros. Actualmente se necesitan más estudios para lograr definir cuáles serían los biomarcadores de progresión óptimos para el seguimiento de los individuos coinfectados por VIH/VHC. El objetivo de esta revisión es realizar una reseña sobre los mecanismos inmunopatológicos de la infección por VIH/VHC involucrados en la inflamación, daño hepático y su impacto en la morbimortalidad de los individuos coinfectados

The immune dysfunction associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection is generated by a chronic stimulation of the immune system, because of the inability to eradicate the virus from the host. This immune dysfunction is exacerbated in the context of coinfection with Hepatitis C Virus (HCV). Systemic inflammation caused by coinfection with both viruses generates an increase in morbidity and mortality in affected individuals. There are several soluble mediators of immunological activation, such as IP-10, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1ß (systemic inflammation markers); IL-17 (CD4+ T cells Th17); IL-2, IFN-γ (CD4+ T cells Th1); IL-8 (neutrophilia); CD23s, ICAMs, CD14s, CD163s, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (monocyte/macrophage activation markers and bacterial translocation); among others. Currently, more studies are needed to define optimal progression biomarkers for the follow-up of HIV/HCV coinfected individuals. In this review, we focus on the immunopathological mechanisms of HIV/HCV infection involved in inflammation, liver damage and its impact on the morbidity and mortality of affected individuals

Hospitalizations for cardiovascular diseases and the coverage by the family health strategy / Internações por doenças cardiovasculares e a cobertura da estratégia saúde da família / Internaciones por enfermedades cardiovasculares y la cobertura de la estrategia salud de la familia

AbstractObjective: to verify the correlation between the rates of hospitalization for primary care-sensitive cardiovascular diseases and the coverage by the Family Health Strategy of residents of the State of Paraná, by regional health divisions, from 2000 to 2011.Method: ecological study developed from data of the Hospital Information System of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) and the Department of Primary Care of the Ministry of Health. The rates of hospitalization for cardiovascular diseases were correlated with the annual coverage by the Family Health Strategy using Pearson's and Spearman's correlation coefficients.Result: there was a strong and negative correlation in the State of Paraná (r=-0.91; p <0.001) and in most regional health divisions, with the highest correlations observed in the Metropolitan and Toledo (r =-0.93; p<0.001) and Paranaguá (r=-0.92, p<0.001) regional health divisions.Conclusion: the results suggest that the increase in the coverage by the Family Health Strategy was an important factor for decrease in the hospitalizations for cardiovascular conditions among residents of the State of Paraná and in most regional health divisions. Other studies should be performed to analyze the factors and causes in regional health divisions where there was no correlation with increase in the Family Health Strategy.

ResumoObjetivo:verificar a correlação entre taxas de internação por doenças cardiovasculares sensíveis à atenção primária e a cobertura da Estratégia Saúde da Família de residentes no estado do Paraná, por regionais de saúde, no período de 2000 a 2011.Método:estudo ecológico, desenvolvido a partir de dados do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde e do Departamento de Atenção Básica do Ministério da Saúde. Correlacionaram-se as taxas de internação por doenças cardiovasculares com as coberturas anuais da Estratégia Saúde da Família, utilizando-se os coeficientes de correlação de Pearson e Spearman.Resultado:houve correlação negativa e forte no estado do Paraná (r=-0,91; p<0,001) e na maioria das regionais de saúde, sendo maior na Metropolitana e Toledo (r=-0,93; p<0,001) e Paranaguá (r=-0,92; p<0,001).Conclusão:os resultados sugerem que o aumento da cobertura da Estratégia Saúde da Família foi fator importante para a diminuição das internações por condições cardiovasculares em residentes no estado do Paraná e na maioria das regionais de saúde. Outros estudos devem ser realizados para analisar fatores e causas nas regiões do estado onde não houve correlação com incremento da Estratégia Saúde da Família.

ResumenObjetivo:verificar la correlación entre tasas de internación por enfermedades cardiovasculares sensibles a la atención primaria y la cobertura de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia de residentes en el estado de Paraná, por regionales de salud, en el período de 2000 a 2011.Método:estudio ecológico, desarrollado a partir de datos del Sistema de Informaciones Hospitalarias del Sistema Único de Salud y del Departamento de Atención Básica del Ministerio de la Salud. Se correlacionaron las tasas de internación por enfermedades cardiovasculares con las coberturas anuales de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia, utilizando los coeficientes de correlación de Pearson y Spearman.Resultado:hubo correlación negativa y fuerte en el estado de Paraná (r=-0,91; p<0,001) y en la mayoría de las regionales de salud, siendo mayor en la Metropolitana y Toledo (r=-0,93; p<0,001) y Paranaguá (r=-0,92; p<0,001).Conclusión:los resultados sugieren que el aumento de la cobertura de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia fue un factor importante para la disminución de las internaciones por condiciones cardiovasculares en residentes en el estado de Paraná y en la mayoría de las regionales de salud. Otros estudios deben ser realizados para analizar factores y causas en las regiones del estado en donde no hubo correlación con incremento de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia.

A Comparison of the Bleaching Effectiveness of Chlorine Dioxide and Hydrogen Peroxide on Dental Composite

This study was carried out to verify if composites could be bleached using chlorine dioxide as compared with hydrogen peroxide. 3M ESPE Filtek Z350 Universal Restorative discs were prepared (n=40), with dimensions 5 mm diameter x 2 mm thickness. The discs were divided into 4 groups of 10 discs each. Color assessment was performed by CIEDE2000. The discs were stained with coffee, tea, wine and distilled water (control) solutions for 14 days, 5 hours daily. Color assessment was repeated on stained discs and followed by bleaching of 5 discs from each group using chlorine dioxide and hydrogen peroxide in-office systems. Finally, a last color assessment was performed and compared statistically. DE2000 after bleaching was very close to baseline for both the bleaching agents, although chlorine dioxide showed better results than hydrogen peroxide. After staining, there was a clinically significant discoloration (∆E2000≥3.43) for the tea, coffee and wine groups, and discoloration (∆E2000) was seen more in the wine group as compared to tea and coffee. Overall, the control group (distilled water) had the least color change in the three intervals. After bleaching, the color in all specimens returned close to the baseline. The color differences between bleaching and baseline were less than 3.43 for all groups. The obtained results show that chlorine dioxide is slightly superior to hydrogen peroxide in the bleaching of composites, while maintaining the shade of the composite close to the baseline.

Este estudo foi realizado para verificar se resinas compostas podem ser clareadas com uso do dióxido de cloro, em comparação com peróxido de hidrogênio. Foram preparados discos com resina restauradora Filtek Z350 3M ESPE (n=40), com dimensões 5 mm de diâmetro × 2 mm de espessura. Os discos foram divididos em 4 grupos de 10 discos cada. A avaliação da cor foi realizada por meio do CIEDE2000. Os discos foram manchados com soluções de café, chá, vinho e água destilada (controle) por 5 h diárias durante 14 dias. A avaliação da cor foi repetida nos discos manchados e seguida por clareamento de 5 discos de cada grupo, utilizando dióxido de cloro ou peróxido de hidrogênio pela técnica de consultório. Finalmente, uma última avaliação da cor foi realizada e as técnicas comparadas estatisticamente. DE2000 após o clareamento foi muito próxima ao baseline, para ambos os agentes clareadores, embora o dióxido de cloro tenha mostrado melhores resultados do que o peróxido de hidrogênio. Após o manchamento, houve uma descoloração clinicamente significativa (ΔE2000≥3,43) para os grupos de chá, café e vinho, sendo que o clareamento (ΔE2000) foi melhor obtido com o grupo do vinho, em comparação com chá e café. No geral, o grupo controle (água destilada) teve a menor mudança de cor nos três intervalos. Após o clareamento, a cor em todos os espécimes voltou próxima ao baseline. As diferenças de cor entre o clareamento e o baseline foram inferiores a 3,43 para todos os grupos. Os resultados indicam que o dióxido de cloro é ligeiramente superior ao peróxido de hidrogênio no clareamento de resinas compostas, mantendo a cor próxima à escala do baseline.

Seropositividad de la infección por HCV y HBV, en estudiantes universitarios del Estado de Nuevo León, México / Positive serology for HCV and HBV infection in univertity students of the state on Nuevo Leon, Mexico

Antecedentes: La hepatitis viral es una enfermedad infectocontagiosa. Los pacientes infectados con virus de la hepatitis B (HBV) o con virus de la hepatitis C (HCV) pueden evolucionar a un estado crónico sintomático o asintomático que ocasiona cirrosis y un riesgo muy alto de carcinoma hepático. Objetivo: Los sujetos asintomáticos portadores del antígeno de superficie del HBV (Hbs-Ag) o de anticuerpos dirigidos contra HCV son potencialmente infectantes, por lo que desde el punto de vista de salud pública, es muy importante detectarlos. Métodos: En este trabajo se buscó la frecuencia de seropositividad de HBs-Ag y de anticuerpos anti-HCV en una población de 774 jóvenes de nuevo ingreso a la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, con una edad promedio de 188 años. Para detectar HBs-Ag se usó una prueba de ELISA de segunda generación y una prueba confirmatoria de neutralización. Los anticuerpos anti-HCV se midieron por un ELISA de segunda generación y por una prueba confirmatoria de un inmunoensayo en línea o RIBA. Tesultados: Se detectaron tres sueros positivos en HBs-Ag por ELISA, y sólo un suero (0.13 por ciento de las muestras analizadas) se confirmó por neutralización. En cambio se obtuvieron 12 sueros con anticuerpos dirigidos contra HCV por ELISA, de los cuales 8 fueron confirmados por RIBA ( 1.03 por ciento de la población total analizada). Dos sueros positivos mostraron bandas de reactividad intensa y 6 dieron bandas de reactividad débil. Los 4 sueros negativos representan el 0.5 por ciento de falsos positivos de la prueba de ELISA para determinar anti-HCV. Conclusiones: En este estudio se encontró que la frecuencia de anticuerpos anti-HCV fue 7.95 veces más alta que la de HBs-Ag. Todos los sujetos seropositivos estaban asintomáticos, pero son considerados potencialmente infectantes. Este trabajo pone de manifiesto la necesidad de implantar en forma rutinaria las técnicas de detección de HBs-Ag y de los anticuerpos anti HCV, para poder establecer la prevalencia de estas enfermedades virales en nuestra región.

Hepatite auto-imune / Autoimmune hepatitis

Os autores fazem revisäo da literatura médica a respeito da hepatite auto-imune, enfatizando os aspectos laboratoriais, clínicos e terapêuticos desta entidade. Discutem a importância dos auto-anticorpos, mostrando a proliferaçäo de novos marcadores imunológicos e detalhando a sua utilizaçäo no diagnóstico e terapêutica. Por fim, ressaltam a importância do diagnóstico acertado e precoce, já que se trata de uma doença em que a terapia imunossupressiva prolonga muito a sobrevida.

Prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies in central India.

The study group screened for anti-HCV comprised 789 subjects of hepatitis, renal failure, thalassaemia and healthy voluntary blood donors coming from Central India during July 1992 to November 1995. The prevalence of HCV was low (4.85%) among 103 patients of acute viral hepatitis (AVH) while it was higher (25.64%) among 117 patients of chronic liver disease (CLD) with the highest rate of 31.57 percent in 57 patients of cirrhosis. The anti-HCV positivity among 101 patients with hepatic failure was around 10 percent. High risk groups such as chronic renal failure (CRF) patients mainly on haemodialysis and thalassaemics receiving multiple blood transfusions showed the prevalence of anti-HCV in 41.9 and 25.45 percent respectively. Only 1.78 percent of the 280 voluntary blood donors showed positivity for anti-HCV. Comparison of the data on HCV in the present study with data from other parts of India showed a wide variation in the different centers. The higher prevalence of HCV among CRF patients and thalassaemics indicates the need for screening of the blood units for anti-HCV before transfusion to these high risk patients.

Informe de marcadores serológicos de las hepatitis virales en el Hospital Central Militar (1992-1994) / Report on serologic markers for viral hepatitis at the central military hospital (1992-1994)

Se comunican los resultados de un estudio retrospectivo de marcadores serológicos para hepatitis viral realizado en el laboratorio de inmunología del departamento de patología clínica del Hospital Central Militar en el periodo comprendido de junio de 1992 a junio de 1994. Se realizaron 614 estudios en 537 pacientes de uno y otro sexo y de todas las edades. Los marcadores fueron diagnósticos para la infección aguda en 34.37 por ciento, de los cuales fueron 12.8 por ciento positivos para anti-HVA IgM, 10.42 por ciento positivos para anti-HBe, 11.07 por ciento positivos para anti-HC y 0.32 por ciento positivos para anti-HD. La seroprevalencia de hepatitis "A" con anti-HAV IgG fue de 90.8 por ciento, se observó disminución de anti-HC durante el último año (16.4 por ciento entre 1992-1993 a 8.26 por ciento entre 1993-1994). La prevalencia de anti-HBe se presenta sin cambio en el mismo periodo. La hepatitis "D" coexistió en coinfección con hepatitis "B" en los dos casos

Hepatic histology in chronic liver disease in hepatitis B surface antigen positive cases.

The spectrum of histological changes in needle biopsies of the liver tissue was analysed in 43 patients with chronic liver disease who were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in their sera. Majority of the patients were around 40 years and there was a male predominance. According to histopathological pattern, there were 18 (41.8%) cases of chronic active hepatitis, 16 (37.2%) cases of inactive cirrhosis, 3 (6.9%) cases of chronic persistent hepatitis and 2 (4.7%) cases of chronic lobular hepatitis and hepatoma each. Two (4.7%) cases could not be exactly categorised into any particular histological entity. The inflammation, hepatic cell necrosis and fibrosis were more marked in cases of chronic active hepatitis without past history of jaundice. Micronodular cirrhosis was the most common histological pattern in the study. Shikata orcein stain for detection of HBsAg in the hepatocytes was positive in 8 (18.6%) cases only.

Study of leucocytic migration inhibition in acute hepatitis B in children

Total of 34 children [14 males and 10 females] were studied, 24 children suffered from acute hepatitis [B], their ages ranged from 5 to 14 years. They were selected from Abbasia Fever Hospital, another 10 healthy children were selected from Bab El-Shearea University Hospital, served as controls. Both groups were submitted to an adequate history, thorough examination and some investigations: CBC, liver function tests and immunological test [migration inhibition test] of leucocytes were done early in the course of illness 1-2 weeks, then repeated every 2 weeks for a duration of 2 months for the available attending patients. Inhibition of leucocytic migration was found to be higher in patients than controls within 2 weeks of acute hepatitis [B] infection. It reached its peak within one month, then decreased and returned to normal range of the control within 2 months. Migration inhibition test [MIT] is a useful test for assessing the cell mediated immunity status of the patient with hepatitis [B] in response to HBs Ag in vitro abnormal changes [increase or decrease] in this reactivity in the recovery phase, rational close observation and follow up is of value to anticipate the sequela and complications of HBV infection

Immunohistopathological study of hepatocutaneous manifestations

Thirty three patients, 22 males and 11 females suffering from chronic hepatic disorders and 15 normal controls 13 females and 2 males had been selected for this study. Out of the 33 patients 15 had history of chronic intestinal Bilharziasis, 4 cases have history of viral hepatitis. One case had history of etretinate intake for treating psoriasis one year before onset of acute viral hepatitis. Eleven patients had neither history of hepatitis nor Schistosomiasis. All patients and normal controls were subjected to the following examinations: general, skin, liver function tests, serum immunoglobulins, C3, liver biopsy and histopathogical study. Results showed pigmentation in 42 percent of cases, jaundice in 36 percent of cases, pruritus in 38 percent of cases, unguual changes in 39 percent of cases, Lichen planus in 9 percent of cases and psoriasis in 9 percent of cases. The immunological and histopathological findings were discussed

Estudio de sub-poblaciones linfocitarias mediante anticuerpos monoclonales en hepatitis aguda A y B / Studies of lynphocyte subpopulations with monoclonal antibodies in acute hepatitis

Se determinaron las poblaciones linfocitarias T3, T4 y T8 en sangre periférica con anticuerpos monoclonales en 40 pacientes con hepatitis viral aguda ( 20 de tipo A y 20 de tipo B ), que evolucionaron a la curación. Loa resultados se comparan con los de un grupo control constituído por 20 personas sanas. En ambos tipos de hepatitis se apreció una disminución no significativa del total de linfocitos medidos por el anticuerpo monoclonal T3. Los linfocitos T8 estaban aumentados significativamente ( p menor que 0.05 ) con respecto a los controles, en ambas entidades y el cociente T4/T8 estuvo disminuído en la etapa inicial ( p menor que 0.05 ). No se apreciaron diferencias entre ambos tipos de hepatitis. En el seguimiento evolutivo de los pacientes los valores de estas variables tendieron hacia la normalidad

Detection of tumour antigens in sera of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma using monoclonal antibodies.

A total of 70 serum samples taken from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), acute viral hepatitis and cirrhosis and normal individuals were tested in a binding inhibition immunofluorescence assay using 5 mouse monoclonal antibodies (2G9, 3H11, 3H12, 1C7, 3H5) specific for hepatoma cells. Seven out of the 30 HCC sera (23.3%) inhibited the binding of one of these antibodies, 3H11. This detection of antigen 3H11 or antigens of similar structure in HCC sera was significantly more frequent than in control sera (1/40 = 2.5%) (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.009; df = 1, relative risk calculated by the odds ratio in a 2 x 2 table = 12.0). The presence of this antigen was unrelated to the hepatitis B surface antigen and alphafetoprotein status. Thus it would be of value particularly for the detection of hepatitis B negative or alphafetoprotein negative liver cancers.